1. SQL Basics: ◦ SQL Commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL. ◦ Data Types: Numeric, text, date/time, and boolean.

2. DQL (Data Query Language): ◦ SELECT Statement: Retrieves data from a database. ◦ WHERE Clause: Filters data based on conditions. ◦ JOINs: Combines data from multiple tables (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER).

3. Aggregation Functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN/MAX.

4. GROUP BY and HAVING: Group data and filter grouped data.

5. Subqueries: Nested queries for complex data analysis.

6. DML (Data Manipulation Language): ◦ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE: Commands for modifying data.

7. DDL (Data Definition Language): ◦ CREATE, DROP, ALTER: Commands for managing database structures.

8. TCL (Transaction Control Language): ◦ BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK: Commands for managing transactions.